
The writer
By Mabel Obeng
Cervical cancer remains one of the most concerning health issues affecting women, particularly those between the ages of 30 and 44. It can, however, also occur in younger women, especially those who are sexually active and exposed to human papillomavirus (HPV). Despite its severity, many women hesitate to undergo cervical screenings due to shyness, cultural taboos surrounding reproductive health discussions, or a lack of awareness. This reluctance has contributed to the alarming rate at which women are diagnosed with cervical cancer globally.
According to health experts, cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It progresses slowly over time and is primarily caused by persistent infections with specific strains of HPV, which is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Detecting the disease early through regular screenings is vital, as it significantly improves the chances of successful treatment and recovery.
Health experts explain that there are two primary types of cervical cancer. The first and most common is squamous cell carcinoma, which originates in the thin, flat cells that line the cervix and accounts for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases. The second type, adenocarcinoma, develops in the glandular cells responsible for producing mucus and other fluids in the cervix. Both types present a serious health risk if not detected and treated in time.
Symptoms
Symptoms of cervical cancer, as explained by health experts, can vary but often include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and discomfort during intercourse. Unfortunately, these symptoms may not manifest in the early stages of the disease, making cervical cancer difficult to detect without routine medical examinations. This underscores the importance of Pap smears and HPV tests, which can identify precancerous changes in the cervix before they progress into full-blown cancer.
In addition to screenings, health experts emphasize the role of HPV vaccinations in preventing cervical cancer. These vaccines protect against the strains of HPV most commonly associated with cervical cancer, offering a proactive measure in reducing the risk of the disease.
Cervical cancer’s impact is far-reaching, yet it remains a preventable condition when addressed early through education, screening, and vaccination. Breaking the stigma surrounding cervical health and encouraging more open discussions about reproductive well-being can empower women to prioritize their health and reduce the prevalence of this life-threatening disease.
Risk factors
Several factors can increase the risk of developing cervical cancer. Sexual behavior plays a significant role, particularly in cases of early sexual activity (under 18), having multiple sexual partners, or having a high-risk partner (someone with HPV or multiple partners).
Smoking is another key risk factor. Women who smoke are about twice as likely as non-smokers to develop cervical cancer. Tobacco by-products, found in the cervical mucus of smokers, can damage the DNA of cervical cells, increasing the likelihood of cancer. Smoking also weakens the immune system, reducing its ability to combat HPV infections effectively.
A weakened immune system further elevates the risk. Women living with HIV or those on immunosuppressive medications—such as treatments for autoimmune diseases or organ transplants—are particularly vulnerable. In these individuals, cervical precancerous conditions can progress more rapidly into invasive cancer.
Delayed childbearing has also been associated with increased cervical cancer risk, particularly among women who wait until age 25 or older to have their first child.
Presentable
Cervical cancer is a preventable and treatable condition if detected early. Regular screenings, HPV vaccinations, and lifestyle adjustments can significantly reduce the risk of developing this disease. Greater awareness and efforts to destigmatize conversations about reproductive health are critical steps toward ensuring that more women feel empowered to prioritize their health.
The writer, Mabel Obeng, is Head of HR Africa Diplomatic Organisation, and an Mphil in Leadership candidate at the University of Professional Studies, Accra (UPSA).
